Abnormal cleavage patterns in equine in embryos lead to higher pregnancy loss

Useful information for decreasing early pregnancy loss in equine breeding progrms using implanted embryos.
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Abnormal cleavage patterns in equine in vitro-produced embryos lead to higher early pregnancy loss
Equine Vet J. 2025 Jul 31. doi: 10.1111/evj.70004. Online ahead of print.
Authors
Soledad Martin-Pelaez 1 , Alejandro de la Fuente 1 , Kazuki Takahashi 1 , Hugo Monteiro 1 , Mauricio Mendes 2 , Stuart Meyers 3 , Pouya Dini 1
Affiliations

1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
2 Burns Ranch, Menifee, California, USA.
3 Department of Anatomy, Physiology, & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.

PMID: 40745891
DOI: 10.1111/evj.70004

Abstract
in English, French

Background: Despite significant advances, in vitro production (IVP) of equine embryos continues to lack standardised embryo classification criteria and is associated with increased rates of early pregnancy loss compared with in vivo-derived blastocysts.

Objectives: To evaluate morphokinetic characteristics of the first mitotic division and early embryonic development in IVP blastocysts and their association with embryo development, as well as pregnancy rate and early pregnancy loss following embryo transfer.

Study design: Retrospective analysis of archived material and clinical records.

Methods: We retrospectively analysed morphokinetic characteristics of transferred IVP embryos with known pregnancy outcomes as well as those from arrested embryos. We analysed time-lapse images of 70 transferred embryos and 114 arrested embryos to identify and compare the frequency of abnormalities during the first mitotic division (cleavage patterns) and recorded the time to vitrification or arrest. A logistic regression model with a logit link was used to evaluate pregnancy success at 14 days and early pregnancy loss (EPL) at 25 and 42 days in relation to the recorded morphokinetic characteristics in SAS.

Results: Earlier vitrification (which corresponds to the time to blastocyst formation) increased the odds of pregnancy at 14 days and decreased pregnancy loss until 25 days, but not between 25 and 42 days. Abnormal cleavage patterns decreased the odds of pregnancy and increased the odds of EPL, with embryos exhibiting abnormal cleavage patterns showing a 53.3% total EPL rate compared with 22.6% for normal cleavage patterns (p < 0.05).Main limitations: While our analysis provides sufficient statistical power to draw conclusions regarding the main objectives, increasing the number of embryo transfers could reveal additional interactions among morphokinetic characteristics that influence pregnancy success.Conclusions: Overall, we demonstrated a relationship between cleavage patterns during the first mitotic division, time to blastocyst formation, pregnancy rate and early pregnancy loss risk for equine IVP embryos. These features can serve as a classification method to identify and select embryos with higher pregnancy potential for transfer, contributing to reducing the gap in pregnancy rates between in vivo and in vitro-produced embryos.