Differences in equine spinal kinematics between straight line and circle in trot

How horses handle circles, does the back flex laterally, has long been a discussion among dressage trainers. Here it was found that yes there is some lateral flexion but the flexion is so small as to not be easily perceptible. Instead, large changes in the leg movements may be responsible for the perception on back flexion.
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Differences in equine spinal kinematics between straight line and circle in trot
Sci Rep. 2021 Jun 18;11(1):12832.
Authors
A Byström 1 , A M Hardeman 2 3 , F M Serra Bragança 3 , L Roepstorff 4 , J H Swagemakers 2 , P R van Weeren 3 , A Egenvall 5
Affiliations

1 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. anna.bystrom@slu.se.
2 Tierklinik Luesche GmbH, Essenerstrasse 39a, 49456, Luesche, Germany.
3 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
4 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
5 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.

Abstract

Work on curved tracks, e.g. on circles, is commonplace within all forms of horse training. Horse movements in circles are naturally asymmetric, including the load distribution between inner and outer limbs. Within equestrian dressage the horse is expected to bend the back laterally to follow the circle, but this has never been studied scientifically. In the current study 12 horses were measured (optical motion capture, 100 Hz) trotting on left and right circles and on the straight without rider (soft surface). Data from markers placed along the spine indicated increased lateral bending to the inside (e.g. left bending on the left circle) of the thoracolumbar back (difference left circle vs. straight – 3.75°; right circle + 3.61°) and the neck (left – 5.23°; right + 4.80° vs. straight). Lateral bending ROM increased on the circle (+ 0.87° and + 0.62°). Individual variation in straight-circle differences was evident, but each horse was generally consistent over multiple trials. Differences in back movements between circle and straight were generally small and may or may not be visible, but accompanying changes in muscle activity and limb movements may add to the visual impression.