Wild Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) as a cause of skin and eye irritation

Wild Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) is native to Europe and the UK but has been introduced into almost every state in the USA. Considered an invasive weed it is a cause of primary photodermatitis in horses resulting in itching and skin irritation, including flakes, scabs, and even necrosis of the nonpigmented regions of horses. Also present in about 1/3 of the cases was squinting, redness of the eyes, and corneal clouding (edema). The plant may appear in the hay where it apparently is readily ingested. This summary provides symptoms and treatment recommendations. Below are two images of the plant click on the images to see the whole image.
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Photodermatitis and ocular changes in nine horses after ingestion of wild parsnip (pastinaca sativa)
BMC Vet Res. 2022 Feb 26;18(1):80.
Authors
Judith C Winter 1 , Katharina Thieme 2 3 , J Corinna Eule 4 , Eva-Maria Saliu 5 , Olivia Kershaw 6 , Heidrun Gehlen 1
Affiliations

1 Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
2 Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. katharina.thieme@fu-berlin.de.
3 Small Animal Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. katharina.thieme@fu-berlin.de.
4 Small Animal Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
5 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
6 Institute of Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

PMID: 35219345
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03162-2

Abstract

Background: Primary photosensitization rarely occurs in horses and can easily be misinterpreted. Descriptions of the disease in horses after ingestion of parsnip are lacking. The aim of this case series was to describe the dermatological and ocular changes due to photosensitization and to raise awareness of parsnip being a possible aetiologic agent.

Case presentation: Nine horses from three different stables in Berlin and Brandenburg, Germany, presented variable degrees of erythema, scaling, crusting and necrosis of unpigmented skin at the head and prepuce. Horses were of different breeds with a median age of 15 ± 5.9 years. A mild leukocytosis was diagnosed in 1/9 horses at admission. Analyzed liver enzymes were within the reference ranges in all horses. Ocular changes were diagnosed as follows: blepharitis (3/9), conjunctivitis (7/9), corneal edema without additional signs of keratitis and/or uveitis (2/9), corneal edema with signs of uveitis (1/9) and photophobia (4/9). One horse developed a fluorescein positive corneal erosion. Skin biopsy (1/9) revealed a moderate to severe acute, eosinophilic and lymphocytic dermatitis with dermal edema and vasculitis. All stables housing these patients fed hay from the same distributer. Analyzed hay samples showed high contents of wild parsnip (plants, seeds, roots). Wild parsnip is widespread in Europe and contains furocoumarins, a family of photodynamic pigments, which may cause primary photodermatitis, keratoconjunctivitis and uveitis. Horses were treated according to severity of clinical symptoms systemically with flunixine meglumine (1.1 mg/kg BW 1-2x/day) or prednisolone (1 mg/kg BW 1x/day). Topically, either gentamicin (3x/day), dexamethasone (2-3x/day) and/or atropine (1x/day) were used. Skin care was provided with almond oil or dexpanthenol (2x/day). All horses were kept in a dark environment or were treated with sunscreen and facemasks. Duration of treatment varied from 6-30 days (median 11.3 days).

Conclusion: Ingestion of wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) can induce primary photosensitization with dermatitis and ocular injury in horses. In times of extreme weather, hay may alter in botanical composition, resulting in high amounts of uncharacteristic plants causing novel problems.

Keywords: Bergapten; Cornea; Edema; Erythema; Furocoumarins; Intoxication; Ocular changes; Parsnip; Photosensitization; Sunburn.