The influence of different horseshoes and ground substrates on foot orientation

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      Should all our horseshoes have wider lateral bars?
      DrO

      The influence of different horseshoes and ground substrates on mid-stance hoof orientation at the walk
      Equine Vet J. 2023 Aug 17. doi: 10.1111/evj.13990. Online ahead of print.
      Authors
      Patrick T Reilly 1 , Andrew van Eps 1 , Darko Stefanovski 1 , Thilo Pfau 2 3
      Affiliations

      1 Department of Clinical Sciences, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett \Square, Pennsylvania, USA.
      2 Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
      3 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

      PMID: 37589397
      DOI: 10.1111/evj.13990

      Abstract
      in English, Portuguese

      Background: Horseshoes with modified contact surfaces combined with deformable ground substrates are used to change hoof orientation during mid-stance, for example, for therapeutic reasons.

      Objectives: To measure the effect of horseshoes and ground substrates on sagittal and transverse plane hoof orientation at mid-stance using a dorsal hoof wall mounted triaxial accelerometer.

      Study design: In vivo experiment, randomised crossover design.

      Methods: Differences in sagittal and transverse plane angles between standing and mid-stance of the left front hoof of six horses walking with regular horseshoes, egg bar, toe-wide, medial-wide, lateral-wide and three-degree egg bar shoes on turf, sand and hard ground substrates were assessed with linear mixed models with horseshoe and substrate type as fixed factors (p < 0.05) for each animal. Results: Hoof angles were significantly affected by horseshoe (p < 0.001), surface (p < 0.001) and the combination (p < 0.001). The sagittal plane angle increased in deformable ground substrates at walk-in mid-stance on turf [mean (±standard deviation): 2.6° (±3.8°)] and on sand [2.6° (±4.1°)] across all shoes. The greatest increase was observed with egg bar shoes [turf: 4.37° (±3.82°); sand 4.69° (±3.83°)]. There was a tendency for the hoof to sink laterally into deformable ground substrates among all shoes [turf: 1.11° (±1.49°); sand: 0.93° (±1.93°)]. Medial-wide shoes increased the lateral sinking [turf: 2.00° (±1.63°); sand: 1.79° (±1.58°)]. Lateral-wide shoes reduced the lateral sinking on turf [0.62° (±1.26°)] and induced a marginal medial sinking on sand [-0.007° (±2.03°)]. Main limitations: The substrate properties were not quantitatively assessed, and observations were limited to front hooves at the walk. A larger sample size would be preferable. Conclusions: Mid-stance hoof orientation changes with specific combinations of shoes and ground substrates in the walking horse. Contexto: É especulado que ferraduras com solados diferentes combinadas com superfícies deformáveis podem mudar a orientação do casco durante a fase de apoio, por exemplo, por razões terapêuticas. Objetivos: Mensurar o efeito de diferentes ferraduras e superfícies na orientação do casco nos planos sagital e transversal durante a fase de apoio usando um acelerômetro triaxial acoplado à parte dorsal do casco. Delineamento do estudo: Experimento in vivo, delineamento randomizado e cruzado. MÉTODOS: As diferenças entre os ângulos dos planos sagital e transverso nas diferentes fases de apoio do casco do membro anterior esquerdo de seis cavalos ao passo utilizando ferradura normal, oval, oval talonada, de pinça larga e com extensão medial ou lateral na grama, areia ou superfície dura foram avaliadas utilizando modelos mistos lineares com ferradura e tipo de superfície como fatores fixos (P < 0.05) para cada animal. Resultados: Os ângulos do casco foram significativamente afetados pelo tipo de ferradura (P < 0.001), superfície (P < 0.001) e pela combinação de ambos (P < 0.001). O ângulo do plano sagital aumentou em superfícies deformáveis no passo na fase de apoio na grama (média (+/-SD): 2.6 (+/−3.8) graus) e na areia (2.6 (+/−4.1 graus) para todos os tipos de ferradura. O maior aumento foi observado com a ferradura oval (grama: 4.37 (+/− 3.82) graus; areia 4.69 (+/−3.83) graus). Houve uma tendência de o casco rebaixar mais lateralmente em superfícies deformáveis com todas as ferraduras (grama: 1.11 (+/−1.49) graus; areia: 0.93 (+/−1.93) graus). Ferraduras com extensão medial aumentaram o rebaixamento lateral (grama: 2.00 (+/−1.63) graus; areia: 1.79 (+/−1.58) graus). Ferraduras com extensão lateral reduziram o rebaixamento lateral na grama (0.62 (+/−1.26) graus) e induziram o rebaixamento medial na areia (−0.007 (+/−2.03) graus). PRINCIPAIS LIMITAÇÕES: As propriedades das superfícies não foram avaliadas quantitativamente, e as observações foram limitadas aos cascos dos membros anteriores e ao passo. Um número maior de animais no estudo seria desejável. CONCLUSÕES: A orientação do casco na fase de apoio muda de acordo com combinações específicas de ferradura e superfícies no cavalo ao passo. Keywords: accelerometer; horse; horseshoes; kinesiotherapic; surface. © 2023 The Authors. Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd. 21 references

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